Historical Methods-Archaeology Essay Example for Free

Historical Methods-Archaeology Essay Julius Caesar is probably the most famous Roman of all. As dictator, he paved the way for the establishment of the Roman Empire under his great-nephew Augustus, more infamously, had a love affair with Cleopatra of Egypt, and even invented the leap year, before being assassinated by friends and colleagues who had previously supported him. But before his dictatorship he had conquered a vast area of Europe in an incredibly short time. Caesars Gallic War is the most detailed eye-witness account of war that survives from the Greek or Roman world. In Book I, chapter 5 of his Gallic War, Julius Caesar writes of the Helvetiis practice of migrating en masse and of burning down their oppida or walled towns, villages and houses as they went. This would certainly explain the lack of remains of urban construction and monuments, and is likely to have been common to the Celts as a whole. Evidence of the existence of oppida or walled settlements has been found in the Cisalpine area and elsewhere and date to the third and second centuries B. C. Among the most prominent surviving monuments in continental Europe of the late Celtic period are the oppida (sing. ppidum) or large fortified settlements that have an urban character. They were constructed on naturally protected sites, and some remains of the massive original perimeter walls have turned up in Gaul and on the right bank of the Rhine, as well as in Danubia. Together with the rectangular enclosures (Viereckschanzen) that were probably part of the nemeta or open-air sanctuaries created by the rural population, the oppida are the most significant group of monuments surviving from this time (Jimene 90). The first surveys were made by Baron Stoffel, an officer under Napoleon III, who embarked on a series of historical investigations into the sites of Julius Caesars battles in Gaul. Since then, knowledge has been based on excavations carried out in the west and east, on the careful assessment of material unearthed, and on the new and painstaking historiographical and philological interpretations of Caesars chronicles of his campaign in Gaul, Gallic War. The derivation of the concept of oppidum from Caesars war campaign chronicles and the progressive extension of its application as archaeological research proceeds make it necessary to explain exactly what is meant by the term oppidum in its more restricted sense. Caesar divides the settlements of Gaul into three categories: oppida (fortified towns), vici (villages) and aedificia or aedificia privata (single farmsteads). This careful subdivision not only gives a clear indication of the different types of settlement pattern, increasingly confirmed by the present-day archaeological campaigns, but also gives an idea of the function of the oppida. Even with their large populations, the oppida cannot have been entirely selfsufficient. To some extent at least, they also served as storage points for crops and livestock, as well as centers for the processing of raw materials to cater for both town and countryside. As a result of this they also functioned as marketplaces, especially once regular coinage came into use in the second century B. C. , when coins of base metals (bronze or those known as potins), and in small denominations, made their appearance. The term urbs is used sparingly in Caesars account to highlight the importance of a handful of larger locations, such as Alesia, Gergovia and Avaricum. Unlike the oppida of free Gaul, the towns of Tolosa ( Toulouse), Narbo (Narbonne) and Vienna, situated in the Provincia, were subject to provincial Roman administration, as implied by their definition as civitates. Caesar also uses this expression to define ethnic communities in Gaul in terms of political and administrative entities. The central role of the oppida in the political, economic and cultural life of the Gaulish groups (and hence their strategic importance as fortified outposts for the Roman armies), is clearly described in Caesar Gallic War, which lists the oppida of twenty-nine different Gaulish tribes, with their names followed by a brief description. Some tribes, however, had control over more than one town (twelve in the case of the Helvetii). But most of the population of the time was scattered through villages and farmsteads. As for southern Germany, the diffusion of nemeta rectangular enclosures that were presumably nature sanctuaries for the rural populations and the proliferation of sites containing graphite-decorated pottery indicate a significant population in the countryside outside and between the large oppida (Zander 2005). Furthermore, over a wide geographical area numerous unfortified settlements in advantageous trading sites have yielded considerable information on the metal and pottery workshops. Some of these sites could be classed as trading posts. Their position along the navigable waterways, at harbors or fords seems to have been decisive in their development. In addition to the civitates or capitals of the separate races, there were also smaller urban-type settlements, presumably the centers of small territories, such as a pagus. It is reasonable to assume that not all these centers were founded at the same time. The location, size and, presumably, the number of inhabitants, varies depending on the political and economic importance of the settlement. Despite their many common features, settlement types are not consistent. Although the information offered by Caesar is sound only where the territories of his military campaigns are concerned, certain basic urban features he mentions have a more general application, as corroborated by archaeological research undertaken in the larger fortified settlements. This is valid if we consider the term oppidum in its broadest sense, that is, an urban settlement with a sizable population, which is both regional center and refuge for smaller settlements and populations over a wide area. None of the definitions that in each case highlight some specific feature can claim to be generally applicable to all late Celtic fortifications. The reason for this lies not so much in Caesars choice of term (which is limited to the campaign in Gaul) or in the variability of his meanings, as in the insufficient development of archaeological research. The details of site position and outward appearance could not be described more accurately than Caesar did in his account of the oppidum of the Sotiates tribe: oppidum et natura loci et manu munitum (â€Å"a fortified town in a natural location and built by the hand of man,† Gallic War, III, 23). For all this, Caesars memoirs are still a lively and informative resource.

Responsibilities of a Career Counsellor

Responsibilities of a Career Counsellor The key purposes of career counseling assessment. Career counseling is an interpersonal process where by the counselors will assist and explore the information on clients self-esteem, backgrounds, interests, abilities and other personal characteristics career development. The career counselor is sometimes sees as a guide, teacher or as a coach. In the beginning stage the career counselor needs to explore the client problem because clients have different needs and life cycle career change. If the assessment intervention process is incomplete or inaccurate the whole counseling assessment can be negatively affected. If the clients problem are delineated in a very smooth and efficient way the client problem can be initiated earlier. The career counseling is to help the clients whose career life style has changed and either their career is in danger or not satisfying anymore causing more problems in their workplace or stuck and do not know what to do next. The career counseling also caters for those who are re-entering the workforce afte r being away for awhile and also for the clients who are looking for their first satisfying career after school graduation. The career counselors will decide whether these particular clients need to use the assessment tools to gauge and help the client to realize the change for their work career development potential. This will help the clients to discover their strengths and to determine their own choices for better personal character change and to develop their traits, values, skills and their life cycle for their career development. During the assessment the career counselor will assess the client whether the client is speaking truthfully about their facts because any untruthful facts will only delay client choices of success in their career development. The career counselors can also help to determine if the client is acquiring the necessary skills or knowledge required to move on to the next step in their career developing. The clients then use this information as templates to understand themselves better. The clients can mold their goals perspectives and make a concrete career plans for their meanin gful journey for their lively future ahead. The duties and responsibilities of a career counselors. The career counselors responsibilities is help and identify the path that the clients would likely to be interested in and grow. All career counselor are trained as required by law of the respective country in order for career counselor to be competency in their skills and also in their education before the counselors can introduce any forms of assessment to the client. The career counselors must also complied with the country’s counselors regulation acts and they must also abide the ACA code of ethics. The career counselor must have the ability to recognize the clients traits, value, skills and the limitation of the client during assessment. The career counselors must be honest, accurate when dealing with clients assessment.The career counselors must be able to make clients understand what career path is suitable and satisfying thoroughtout client own career exploration at various stages of clients life cycle. The recognizing and appreciating clients autonomy is an important privilege that career counselors should extend to all clients. The career counselor also have their discipline not to condone or engage any in discrimination or sexual harrassment against the client. The career counselors must take the responsibility to show fairness, equality to the clients regardless of their age, race, culture, religion, gender ,ethnic group and any disability to the client personalities. The career counselor should provide path of freedom that allows the client to explore choices within the social, political and economic context when the client arrive to career making. The career counselor will also make a honest remarks to client assessment regarding the necessary education, talents, needs and training which may be require in shaping client’s career choice pathway, personality type and direction for the future. The career counselors are also constantly remainded about the code of ethics when indulging in media presentation and also the duties of the coun selor to report any information to law when the client can cause severe harm to family, public or environment. The career counselor must also be able to update client to understand the current job market search and also about the information of rising cost in today’s global economic which is threatening the global market work force for more talented, suitable candidates for the job. This information will always motivate and also provide awareness to the client in exploring new avenue should the needs arises in the client searching for new career scope in the future. The ethical responsibilities . During the counseling intervention with the clients,the career counselors will strongly exercise the ethical issues of the clients at all time thoroughtout the session.The career counselors must obey all ethical guidelines of all organization stated in the country or elsewhere .The career counselors will take precaution to value the dignity of the client with respect,and maintain the confidentiality of the client’s uniqueness, potential and privacy.The career counselors must respect the rights of the client to know the results of the assessment,interpretations of the conclusion and the counselors recommendation.If the counselors find that clients is underaged below the requirement age by the law to receive any form of the test result of the assessment,the counselors have the authority to revealed to the parents,or the clients guardian or to the authority concern for the client well being.The safety considerations for the clients situation are primary expression of ethical expe ctations and standards.The career counselors only use the test and assessment service in which they are trained and competent.The counselors will only use the language that the client can understand most.If not an authorizes interpreter will be povided to the client during the assessment and this is to prevent any unethical issues. Every client has the right to be treated with the equal rights from diverse populations regardless of their ethnic, racial status, age, sexual, gender, family type, religious, spiritual, appearance and economic status. The career counselor are aware not to use any tools for assessment if they are not trained for and these can cause unethical issues and un professionalism to the client. The career counselor should be aware of the impact of discrimination and at all times the confidential information should not be shared among colleagues without the written consent from the client or by proper legal organization approval. The career counselors should always have the interest in client growth and career development. The counselor should create a concrete path in a manner that enhance the creation of a healthy relationship between the client and the career counselors. However when there is a need the career counselors can disclose the client confidential information to the authority when there is a threathening issues of child abuse or any other harmful disease that can harm the society. The responsibility prior to assessment. The career counselors are learned and qualified individuals who are equipped with the theoretical training as well as valuable sources of experience in career management to help people with their career development. The career counselors role is to help clients regardless of what ethnic groups,status,gender.religion and finacially.The career counselor is a person who will make the clients to understand and deal all kinds of career issues, social, behavioral and personal issues. The counselor main concern prior to assessment is that the counselor must set a assessment goals and objectives.The career counselor seeks to familiarize the clients with a foundation for using assessment procedures in counseling.The counselor must also understand his limitatation on using the tools for assessment for any unethical and to prevent any unprofessionalism as a counselor. These assessment procedures include interviews, observations, referenced tests, and follow up assessment. The counselor will create an understanding role of assessment in the overall counseling process. The counselor must ensure the client will have the ability to identify assessment processes and procedures for specific career development.Th e counselor will assess client on their cognitive issues, career and personality interest.The career counselor will take careful and honest steps to ensure that the skills use are accurate and ethically interpreting assessment information to clients. Upon completion of this session, the clients negative ions will be change or transform into positive ions so that the client can enjoy the full potential and satisfying future that have been holding them way back. Responsibility during the assessment. This initial stage of assessment is an important step to take before the intervention begin. During the counseling the career counselor will make tentative appraisal of the client personality background and also by establishing a warmth relationship with the client in order to build the trust,show empathy,unconditional positive regards and congruance.The career counselor needs to resist from taking the expert position on what is best for the client that is not limiting to career choice decision, without first attempting to understand the world in which the client lives.The career counselor may explore client interest by asking about the clients hobby,client leisure time and this can be a very useful indicator of information. The career counselor will gather most of the valuable information about client’s background that may be causing obstacles to the client career development, such as family problem, health issues workplace politices, interest, values, life style personality, education limitation and the global economic demanding for more productive individual. During the session the career counselor may want to introduce the use of tools to the client in order to identified clients differences and to assess client career development process.From the result of the tools assessment, the career counselor will be able to identify what those perceptions are for the client and will train the clients on how to minimize the negative thoughts and how to overcome those problems.With this information the career counselor can identify the root cause of why the client having problem foe career development.The counselor set up steps that the client need to take to get moving in the positive direction. The career counselors know what it takes to be successful and how to match client with careers they can be good at and passionate about.The career counselor may project out by creating a plan with client that includes specific clients negative thoughts that have been i nterefering his or her ability, strength,clients maturity to think rationally and make a potential career decision. Responsibility after assessment After the assessment the career counselor will evaluate with the client to see with the client have receive the positive change or message regarding the career direction and the change the client need to take in order to be successful. This will make the client realize that this are the positive steps that the client must take very concretely if they wanted this change to happen so that the client can enjoy a satisfying career ahead of them in their life journey.The client must understand the career counselor primary duties is to help individual to examine their traits,values,skills, interests, lifestyles, and their abilities to find and enter the profession that best suits them. This evaluation is not only for client but also for the counselor to reestablished the relationship of concern, trust to provide support for the client interest. This understanding is the key in assisting client to make their own concrete conclusions to move forward. The career counselor may introduce to the client the use of diary and to record all the incidence that happen to slow down the client advancement in their career path. Before ending the session with the client, the career counselor may want the client to talk back and discuss all the information and advice given during the assessment.These talk back assessment will give the client some sort of homework for the client to ponder about. The client will also be notify that all ethical issues or results that have been discuss regarding client background during the assessment will be totally respected and be confidential from been disclosed to other staff or others to discuss about. These will make the client to have a honest impression on career counselor concern and support for the client to concentrate on building a new career deveploment for a better life journey.

Essay --

If you knocked someone’s tooth out, do you think it’s fair for that person to hit your tooth out? If so, you agree with a law written by King Hammurabi which states "An eye for an eye, and a tooth for a tooth." Hammurabi was one of the best known Mesopotamian kings, and ruled the Babylon Empire from 1792-50 B.C.E. As his kingdom grew he knew he had to bring together the groups he controlled. He combined all these laws from different places into one big code. Hammurabi was one of the first people to write laws about taxes. The difference between Hammurabi and all these people he took the ideas from, is that Hammurabi’s taxes were not like taxes you know today, he did tax the people for money but he also asked for grain and oils as payment. Hammurabi’s idea was to write laws to bring justice in the land, abolish the bad people, and protect the weak. Hammurabi was convinced that the gods selected him to bring truth and structure to his people, and he took this task very passionately. Shortly after rising to power, he created his Code, 282 laws written to explain all relationships a...

Promotion of Education in Africa Essay -- basic education, literacy, so

Topic 1: Promotion of Education in Africa The issue of basic education in the world, especially in Africa has been in the spotlight, waiting impatiently to be solved. The UN, with its Millennium Development Goals, has cited education as one of its top priorities to be achieved by 2015. The African Union, with its Second Decade of Education, has emphasized the need for primary education in Africa to ensure gender equality and the enhancement of African cultural values. Sadly, in many African nations, especially those in Sub-Saharan Africa, adult literacy rates are well below 50%, and many youth lack the most basic and primal educational opportunities. The delegation of South Africa recognizes this urgent need of promotion of education in Africa. Background As a fortunate nation, South Africa has a stable educational infrastructure and a sound â€Å"baseline† for elementary education. In South Africa, the average adult literacy rate is a good 93 percent, as compared to the international average of 84 percent (2010) and the staggering 62 percent of Africa. To continue, most youth has completed grade 9, which concludes their general education and ends their compulsory schooling. And to breathe a sigh of relief, there is little gender disparity in the South African education system. However, there are always some holes. Despite the solid literacy rate- this is defined as a person 15 years or older and can write a short statement about his or her life- South Africa lacks strong secondary and tertiary education. As stated from a study conducted by the OCED (Organization for Economic Co-Operation and Development), â€Å"some three-quarters of South African adults have completed at least grade 6, half has completed grade 9, and just under one-thir... ...amic Militant Organizations in Africa "Africa's Militant Islamist Groups." BBC News. BBC, 5 Dec. 2013. Web. 18 Apr. 2014. . Nkala, Oscar. "Little Terror Threat in South Africa – Report." Home. Defence Web, 5 June 2013. Web. 18 Apr. 2014. . "South Africa: Consolidated Acts." Protection of Constitutional Democracy against Terrorist and Related Activities Act 2004. South African Legal Information Institute, n.d. Web. 18 Apr. 2014. . The War on Terrorism in Africa. N.p.: Westview Press, n.d. PDF. http://www.cfr.org/content/thinktank/Lyman_chapter_Terrorism.pdf

Terrorism - A Peaceful Jihad is an Oxymoron :: Exploratory Essays Research Papers

Terrorism - A Peaceful Jihad is an Oxymoron In June of 2002, when asked to give a graduation speech at Harvard, Zayed Yasin, a Muslim, wrote a speech in which he explained his definition of a Jihad. In accordance with the subject matter, Yasin titled his speech â€Å"My American Jihad.† When Harvard requested him to change the title, he complied. This action, though, stirred up many who believed Yasin had a right to use his original title. From the stance John Milton takes in his essay, Aeropagitica, one can clearly see that he would argue against Harvard’s decision to censor the title of Yasin’s speech. Milton, however, overzealously defends free speech and fails to recognize that the authorities must withhold some things from people under their governing authority. Though Yasin appears to attempt to portray a different aspect of the word â€Å"Jihad† in his speech than that aspect that has dominated America over the past year, he fails to recognize its more common meaning. Rather, he excuses the common meaning as having been â€Å"corrupted and misinterpreted.† In his speech, Yasin explains that to him, Jihad â€Å"is the determination to do right, to do justice even against your own interests. It is an individual struggle for personal moral behavior.† Yasin continues to explain his definition of Jihad and gives more details about it. According to author Abdullah Al Araby, although Yasin correctly describes Jihad as a personal, inner struggle, Jihad also means, â€Å"fighting in the name of Allah.† Al Araby explains, â€Å"In this sense Jihad is the struggle for the cause of spreading Islam, using all means available to Muslims, including force. This kind of Jihad is often referred to as ‘Holy War’.â₠¬  As a result of the recent September 11 attacks on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon, people refer to this definition when discussing the term Jihad. Contrary to popular belief, Islam does not teach peace to the extent most Americans think it does. The Qu’ran, the holy book of Islam, commands, "Fight (kill) them (non-Muslims), and Allah will punish (torment) them by your hands, cover them with shame" (Surah 9:14). Numerous similar commands exist in the Qu’ran (Al Araby). Not only does Yasin present a misleading and deceptive argument by explaining merely half of the meaning of the term Jihad, but he also, by using the term in conjunction with the adjective â€Å"American,† implies that Americans participate in Jihad.

Participative Management in India

Participative Management in the Indian context Evolution of participative management in India Pre- Independence era: Participative management in India has taken to its roots quite early in time . This concept was introduced to the Indian soil by a few humanistic textile mill owners who sought the advice of workers' spokesmen so as to solve industrial disputes. After a few such minor incidents, business houses in India responded to the need of industrial democracy. The Tata Iron and Steel company at Jamshedpur was the first official business organization to set up a works committee which comprised of management and trade union representatives.In 1920, when the Government of India started joint committees encouraged the implementation of such an idea in private enterprises as well. So it can be said that it was that period in India when there were manager and worker bodies that maintained co-operation and provided a common platform for problems related to industrial management. The con cept of participative management in the country took shape when the demand for industrial democracy was felt by the tripartite labour organization ( later on named Indian labour conference), trade unions and political leaders in 1940.Post – Independence era: Participative management became a wider phenomenon post independence when the Industrial Disputes Act of 1947 provided for the establishment of a works committee in every industrial unit that employed more than a hundred employees. Along with this, the Industrial Truce Resolution that was adopted by the Tripartite conference in 1947 promoted labour management co-operation and Industrial Policy Resolution of 1948 provided for the workers' involvement in policies of industrial management.Industrial democracy has also been provided for in the constitution of independent India when it referred to all round democratic participation. In 1976, it was amended to the constitution by article 43- A that it would be imperative on the state to consider the participation of workers in industrial managers. Thereby, participative management became a constituent part of Five year plans and Industrial policy resolutions. There were several other developments with regards to the topic later on. Tripartite labour conference held in May 1977, recommended that a committee be set up to nable the smooth participation of labour in management issues. This led to the formation of a Tripartite committee on worker's participation in management and following were the recommendations of the committee in brief : †¢Corporate level and shop floor level should have a three tier system of labour participation †¢Supervisors or middle managers should have their representation in different participative forums †¢The scheme should be implemented and reviewed by organizations present both at the centre and state level Later on, the Sachar committee was formed to look into the introduction of workers' participation in the Boa rd of Directors.This committee recommended that every company employing more than 1000 workers should comprise of labour participation in the Board of Directors. The committee also suggested that even if the number of employees is less than 1000 in a corporate organization, it should be allowed for workers to have their representation in the Board of Governors. Operating models for participative management in India Since independence the government of India has promoted the participation of workforce in the management by introducing various models for operation from time to time.Five of such schemes introduced by the government are as follows. 1. Works Committee: Establishment †¢Among the first few steps taken to initiate industrial democracy in the country †¢Entailed in section 3 of the Industrial disputes act, 1947 †¢Equal number of employers and workmen representatives in a works committee for every organization with more than 100 employees †¢For Joint consult ation in industrial units Functions †¢Deal with welfare aspects and administration of welfare funds †¢Collective bargaining not included Decisions are not binding on the management because of the committee's consultative and advisory nature Evaluation †¢In spite of increasing awareness of works committees and compulsions to set them up, their number actually started declining and even for the works committees already present, they were not functional and for those that existed and were functional, they performed the wrong function †¢The reason for the above has been attributed to both intra and inter union rivalries and most importantly the persistency of the members to discuss extraneous issues in committee discussions 2.Joint Management Council Establishment †¢The second model of participative management was structured by the tripartite bodies on labour relations in 1958 †¢Joint management councils were set up on voluntarily in both the public and pri vate sectors if there was a required understanding between the employers and workers Objectives †¢To improve working conditions of employees †¢Improve productivity †¢Encourage contributions and suggestions from employees †¢Look into administration of laws †¢To serve as the middlemen or rather a communicating channel between management and employees Structure Joint management council was composed of a maximum of 12 members of which there was equal employer employee representation Evaluation †¢These models of employee participation hardly served the purpose of fulfilling the gaps in the communication between the management and employees. The reason for the same being the reservations of managers who let in certain junior executives into the council and did not equip them with any decision making powers 3. Workers representation on board This model provides for workers to have an opportunity to participate in the ownership of capital as well as in decision making level where the contribution could be meaningful †¢The government launched this model in 1970, when it made way for two worker directors on the boards of fourteen nationalized banks †¢How this model progressed is not much represented in academic schools of thought but it is known that the scheme made no progress at all †¢Presence of multiple unions and the mistrust between management and unions are the main reasons for the failure of this novel idea . Shop council and Joint council †¢The 20 point program mooted in 1975, issued directives to implement the models of shop councils or Consultative committees at the shop floor level and joint councils at the plant level Shop councils †¢Employees in the shop council were nominated by the management †¢Shop councils existed for a term of two years and met least once in a month †¢Shop councils were generally considered to assist the management with progress in matters related to production and safet y Joint councils Joint councils were established for the whole unit and were valid for a term of two years in which they had to meet every quarter †¢The chairman of the council is the chief executive of the unit and the vice chairman was nominated by the worker members of the council †¢Joint councils dealt with matters regarding optimum production, fixation of productivity norms and efficiency †¢It was in the functions of these councils that the term participative management changed to workers participation to allay the apprehensions of the management 5.Participative management by ownership of shares †¢A direct model which ensures the participation of every individual who owns shares of the company †¢Worker is entitled to receive a fraction of the appreciation in capital Conclusion Based on the above models and their evaluation it can be said that the government has so far not effectively tried its best to bring in the theme of participative management into the system. Whatever models and laws the government supported have been very minimalistic in nature and it is sad but true that even these models are not up to the mark.The following points enumerate the reasons for the above situation and throw light on steps to be taken to improve the situation 1. Tender mindedness: Union recognition should initially become a well established practice so that basic issues of drift between the unions and the management can be sorted out before moving on worker participation. 2. Channel of communication : The spirit with which the models of participative management interact with each other should be more relevant than the structure of councils and committees and politics ssociated with the same so that communication is done to resolve issues and not to raise them. 3. Voluntary councils: Voluntary nature of councils definitely creates a situation where issues are resolved not because they are compelled to be but because of the culture and trust betwe en the parties involved. Compulsion in such scenarios would only give way to antagonistic cooperation. 4. Defective form of participation : Councils should be formed to participate as decision making forms and not as consultative bodies because it is this form of functioning that enables worker participation in its true sense.Most of the models of worker management in India are considered to be those where the primary function is that of consultative bodies. How does this ensure industrial democracy in the true sense of the word ? 5. Inadequate representation of supervisors in the management: Supervisors are a key to the word worker participation because they function closely with the management and with the workers. Considering them unbiased, it would make sense to involve supervisors in decision making processes in worker related issues because his decisions would represent both the sides involved. . Lack of motivation : The current scenario is such that the workers are not fully aware and are not enthusiastic about their vital stakes in the scheme because it is a distant dream. Awareness and motivation are thus the need of the hour for a better picture of industrial democracy. 7. Traditional attitude: In spite of so much of history associated with the term of participative management, the workers still have a traditional attitude which keeps them to the lower rungs and abide by whatever the management dictates in terms of decisions. . Lack of strong trade unions: The scheme can be implemented successfully if the trade unions are stronger and serve a common purpose. Unity among workers is an absolute necessary before they want a representation in the management. 9. Deficient institutionalisation : Attention to detail, trails and careful work are what makes the scheme more institutionalised and practical. The agenda of meetings and other relevant issues to be discussed should be drafted beforehand so that the purpose is met. 10.Lack of an evaluation system : It is essential to review each of these models at right intervals so that the workers are aware if their democracy is at their will. The scenario in a capitalist economy Worker participation in India is so far a formality but not a practice that ensures better workman facilities or justice. There have been attempts to include the practice in private undertakings as well. As detailed above, initial laws pertaining to this phenomenon have been imperative on private sector to provide for industrial democracy.Management practitioners like Shiv Nadar of HCL technologies have very smoothly been able to transform organizations by following a bottom-up approach. With all this in view, it can be said that participative management in capitalist economies is not distant dream but as we aren't there yet, it is a distant goal. It is imperative for organizations to help economies reach this goal not for the sake of the word bur for the betterment of the workforce.

Energy from Waste

Energy FROM WASTE ( EfW ) Introduction Energy from waste is a construct that is going more relevant to society as the general consciousness of energy efficiency and waste direction additions in the public sphere. It merely means that waste generated from families, industries and commercialism is used to bring forth energy in the signifier of heat, transport fuels like Diesel and electricity. The EfW procedure can make energy from different types of waste utilizing a assortment of engineerings including:Residual waste which is waste which can non be economically or practically reused or recycled and is normally subjected to thermal intervention like incineration, gasification or pyrolysis.Biodegradable waste like nutrient waste and sludge which can be decomposed by the action of microorganism which is normally used in Anaerobic Digestion ( AD ) workss.The Waste Hierarchy The preferable order in which waste must be managed is called the waste hierarchy. The most good option to the environment is to forestall waste, nevertheless, this is barely possible in the current socio-economic context. The following best thing is to recycle, and so recycle. After which other recovery methods like EfW may be applied before eventually any waste is disposed in a landfill. The Waste Hierarchy is a legal demand of the European Union ( EU ) Waste Framework Directive. It means that waste can merely be presented to the EfW procedure if it can non be efficaciously managed through reuse and recycling. In consequence, merely waste edge for the landfill sites can be redirected to any of the EfW procedures. EfW or Landfill? Although both energy generated from waste recovery and landfills release C into the ambiance in the signifier of C dioxide, their possible impact on clime alteration through planetary heating vary greatly. This is because landfill sites besides release methane into the ambiance, of which it has been proven that methane is about 25 times more detrimental than C dioxide. The United Kingdom authorities has established a Climate Change Act to lawfully implement its committedness to cut down its nursery gases ( GHG ) emanations by 80 per centum by 2050, compared to degrees in the basal twelvemonth of 1990. This statute law is now besides one of the drive forces behind the consumption of EfW methodological analysiss, as they have been recognised as feasible agencies of cut downing GHG emanations. Due to less detrimental emanations from EfW procedures, they have been placed higher in the Waste Hierarchy than fain waste in landfill sites. Energy from Residual Waste Residual waste is a mixture of different things including plastics, and from things that are late turning and are biodegradable such as nutrient, paper, wood, etc. This is why residuary waste is sometimes referred to as partly renewable energy beginning or low C energy beginning as opposed to fossil fuels which have been belowground for 1000000s of old ages therefore are regarded as non-renewable energy beginning. The most common thermic method for let go ofing energy from residuary waste is incineration. Although Advanced Thermal Treatments ( ATT ) such as gasification and pyrolysis are in usage, their consumption is more limited due to be and ATTs tend to be used in smaller sites. The incineration method merely allows the hot gases produced to be used to boil H2O which so releases steam to turn a steam turbine that generates electricity and/or heat. However, ATTs can in add-on to bring forthing steam to turn turbines make a mixture of compounds such as gases or oils that can be cleaned and burned straight in gas engines or turbines or converted to man-made natural gas or conveyance fuels. Residual waste may be capable to pre-treatments to pull out more recyclables and better both the calorific value ( CV ) and biogenic content of the waste. The more common types of pre-treatments include mechanical sorting, mechanical biological intervention ( MBT ) and mechanical heat intervention ( MHT ) . Pre-treatments by and large take recyclates, wet and homogenize the waste into what may be termed refuse derived fuel ( RDF ) or solid recovered fuel ( SRF ) . Finally MBT can be used to take biogenic stuff that can be sent to AD works to retrieve energy. The EU Industrial Emissions Directive has set really low degrees of emanations that may be released from EfW workss, and besides encourages environmentally friendly runing conditions within EfW workss such as flue gas clean-up which ensures that gas pollutants and particulates are removed before emanations are released into the ambiance. These have ensured that EfW workss are a low beginning of environmental pollution. Energy from Anaerobic Digestion Anaerobic Digestion ( AD ) is a of course happening procedure where microorganism interrupt down organic affair, in the absence of O to bring forth biogas and digestate. The biogas is a mixture of C dioxide and methane while the digestate is a nitrogen-rich fertilizer. The biogas can be used to raise steam and burned straight in Combined Heat and Power ( CHP ) Plants or Vehicle Combustion Engines ( VCE ) to let go of energy. The digestate provides a renewable beginning of fertilizer which helps to replace lost foods from agricultural lands. It is besides a really good dirt conditioner. AD engineering has been in topographic point for up to one hundred old ages, nevertheless, it is merely late that it has started to utilize non-sewage sludge wastes such as purpose-grown harvests and nutrient waste as feedstock. There are a myriad of AD engineerings including dry or wet ; mesophilic or thermophilic and individual or multi-stage digester. In dry AD, the digestion procedure takes topographic point from waste in its solid signifier while in wet AD, the waste is foremost converted into a mush. Mesophilic AD involves the usage of bacteriums that thrive best at 35C to 40C of temperature while thermophilic method uses bacteriums that can be active at 55C to 60C. A single-stage digester have all biological reactions occur in a individual reactor or armored combat vehicle while a multi-stage digester use several armored combat vehicles to optimize the bacterial reaction. It is more advantageous to divide out biogenic waste and send to an AD works instead than holding it as portion of residuary waste. The ground being that digestate from residuary waste intervention can non be used as fertiliser replacing on agricultural land because it may hold contaminations from assorted waste and it would be wasteful to execute the series of trial required to run into the quality of digestate from an AD works. Crops grown specifically for AD are non considered as waste, therefore merely AD workss that use sewerage sludge and biogenic waste as feedstock are considered as EfW workss. THE PROXIMITY PRINCIPLE This rule supports the thought that waste must be processed every bit near as it is possible to where it was generated. This is to guarantee that one community is non taking on waste produced by another and advance the rules of autonomy in waste direction. However, it may be possible to utilize a more distant works where it is the best operable environmental option ( BPEO ) . Emission FROM EfW Energy from waste workss that use assorted thermic engineerings contribute a really little fraction of particulate and other emanations due to really rigorous bounds imposed by the EU under the Industrial Emissions Directive ( IED ) 2010. In order to run into these bounds such EfW workss must cut down emanations by using the most environmentally friendly burning techniques, take all harmful gases and particulates such as heavy metals before release into the ambiance. Mentions Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs ( Defra ) ( 2013 ) , Energy from Waste: A usher to the argument. Available from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/284612/pb14130-energy-waste-201402.pdf [ Accessed: 05 March 2014 ] Department of Energy and Climate Change ( n.d ) , Anaerobic Digestion Strategy and Action Plan. Available from: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/69400/anaerobic-digestion-strat-action-plan.pdf [ Accessed: 05 March 2014 ]